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The ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model was developed as a mechanism to facilitate communications interoperability as well as to simplify communications in general The International Standards Organization (ISO) is a standards-making body that consists of over 100 members of the United Nations The ISO is a non-government entity that has consultative status within the United Nation's Economic and Social Council Its development of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model is one of the most notable achievements in the field of communications The ISO's Reference Model defines the communications process as a set of seven layers, with specific communications-related functions isolated and associated with each layer By subdividing a complex process into seven defined layers, it becomes easier to develop an overall process through a logical subdivision of effort In addition, by defining the functions associated with each layer and how one layer interoperates with another, it becomes possible for different companies to develop products that operate at the same or different layers of the Reference Model and to interoperate with products developed by other vendors Figure 2 1 illustrates the seven layers of the ISO's OSI Reference Model Each layer except the physical layer covers lower-layer processes, in effect isolating them from higher-layer functions In this way, each layer performs a distinct set of functions that provides a set of services to the higher layer Through layer isolation, the characteristics of one layer can change without impacting the remainder of the model, assuming that supporting services remain the same Thus, users can mix and match OSI-conforming communications products to satisfy a particular networking requirement

18 B Port 25 is used by SMTP to send e-mail over a TCP/IP network A, C, and D are incorrect Port 23 is used by Telnet, port 443 is used by secure HTTP (HTTPS), and port 110 is used by POP3 for reading e-mail on the Internet 19 B 171103230 is a class B address, so it has a subnet mask of 25525500 A, C, and D are incorrect, because they are not the subnet mask of 171103230

20 C DHCP is responsible for assigning IP addresses to systems automatically, so that the network administrator does not have to perform that job manually A, B, and D are incorrect DNS is used to resolve FQDNs to IP addresses, WINS is used to resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses, and the Server service is used to connect to files on the server 21 A DNS is used to resolve FQDNs to IP addresses B, C, and D are incorrect, because WINS is used to resolve NetBIOS names to IP addresses, DHCP is used to automatically assign IP addresses, and the Server service is used to connect to files on the server 22 B If you are having trouble resolving FQDNs to IP addresses, you would make sure that the client is pointing to a valid DNS server in its TCP/IP settings A, C, and D are incorrect, because they do not deal with troubleshooting name resolution for FQDNs

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23 D Samba is responsible for allowing Microsoft clients to access resources on the UNIX system because Samba implements the SMB protocol A, B, and C are incorrect NAT is used to translate the source address of an outgoing packet to that of the external interface of the NAT server NFS is the file-sharing protocol on UNIX systems, and SMB is the file-sharing protocol used between Microsoft operating systems 24 C DHCP is responsible for assigning IP addresses to clients on the network A, B, and D are incorrect NAT is used to translate the source address of an outgoing packet to that of the external interface of the NAT server WINS is used to convert computer names (NetBIOS names) to IP addresses NFS is the protocol that allows UNIX clients to connect to the remote file system of other UNIX (NFS) systems 25 A SMB is the protocol in Microsoft environments that allows Microsoft clients to connect to the file system of other Microsoft systems

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With the exception of layers 1 and 7, each layer in the ISO's OSI Reference Model is bounded by the layers above and below it Layer 1, the physical layer, can be considered to be bound below by

B, C, and D are incorrect NFS is the protocol that allows UNIX clients to connect to the remote file system of other UNIX (NFS) systems NAT is used to translate the source address of an outgoing packet to that of the external interface of the NAT server Samba is the service loaded on UNIX systems to allow Microsoft clients to access resources of the UNIX server 26 A NAT is used to translate the source address of an outgoing packet to that of the external interface of the NAT server B, C, and D are incorrect NFS is the protocol that allows UNIX clients to connect to the remote file system of other UNIX (NFS) systems SMB is the protocol in Microsoft environments that allows Microsoft clients to connect to the file system of other Microsoft systems Samba is the service loaded on UNIX systems to allow Microsoft clients to access resources of the UNIX server

501 502 503 Understanding Subnetting Classful vs Classless Addressing Understanding Routing 504 Dynamic Routing Protocols Two-Minute Drill Self Test